THE DUAL CONTROL. 245 man for righteousness. I am not sure it is so in the West ; and the result of Tewfik's laudable desire to make both ends meet and to live within his income did not increase his personal popularity with his own people. In every town in Egypt there were numbers of families, some one or more of whose members had had their personal comfort and convenience curtailed by the reductions Tewfik had instituted in his household expenditure, and all these families became, as the event showed, centres of disaffection towards the new order of things established under the Dual Control.

The British Controller, Major Baring, resigned his post very shortly after the close of the Commission of Liquidation, on being appointed Financial Minister of the Viceroy of India's Council, and was succeeded by Mr. (now Sir Auckland) Colvin, who held the post till the Dual Control was finally abolished. Both the Controllers were men of resolution and energy, and both set themselves seriously to work to carry out the system of retrenchment laid down by the Law of Liquidation. They wished to do the best for Egypt, but they held that their first duty was to restore financial solvency, and to see that the composition effected between Egypt and her creditors was duly enforced. Even after the very large reductions made\ by the Commission in the amount of the Public Debt, ( the interest which Egypt had still to pay absorbed [ fully one-half of the total revenue of the country. The ) result wa$, that while the wealthy landowners suffered