230 THE STORY OF THE KHEDIVATE.

accession ; the creditors of Egypt were clamorous for the payment of their debts ; the bondholders pressed for the reorganization of the finances ; the holders of judgments given by the International courts insisted on their immediate execution ; and the Governments of France and England demanded the appointment of two Controllers with extended powers of control.

It was stipulated by the two above-named Powers that the Controllers should be authorized to exercise functions analogous to those of the Anglo-French \ Ministers in the Responsible Ministry ; that they I should have the right to be present at the meetings of the Cabinet ; that they should be nominated directly by their own Governments, without whose consent they could not be dismissed from their posts ; and that the only direct relation Egypt was to have with them was to consist in the privilege of paying their salaries. The anticipation of Ismail had, in fact, been fulfilled ; and Egypt was now placed under a Syndicate. I have no doubt that Tewfik bitterly / resented the establishment of the Dual Control ; but, V where Ismail had failed, Tewfik could not hope to succeed, and he had to bow to the inevitable. The first act almost of Tewfik, after his accession to the throne, had been to send a telegram to Nubar in Paris, / forbidding him to return to Egypt till further orders.

'. It is possible the new Khedive suspected Nubar of ( having brought about his predecessor s downfall, and therefore may have considered his presence in Egypt dangerous to his own security. It is probable that —