THE DEPOSITION OF ISMAIL' PASHA Germany intervenes to uphold the authority of the International courts — England, France, and Germany then call on the Sultan to depose the Khedive — Sultan issues orders for Ismail's deposition — Ismail's interview with Tewfik on resigning the throne — The ex- Khedive leaves Egypt— His life in exile.

The promptitude and vigour of the action taken by the Khedive in getting rid of his responsible Ministry had found the Governments of England and France quite unprepared to take any decisive steps either singly or jointly. They were both extremely reluctant to employ force, and yet, if force were not I employed, the Khedive must remain master of the I situation. In London, as well as in Paris, it had been / taken for granted that the Khedive would never dare I to disregard the moral force of the two great Powers of Western Europe ; but moral force, as usual, proved utterly ineffectual without material support The Sultan, on being approached by the representatives of France and England at Constantinople, had given them to understand that, in his capacity of Suzerain, he was not prepared to intervene in Egyptian affairs Weeks went on ; no decision was arrived at ; and