t The Antiquities of the Sudan. 313 (1.) 7)».scoi'en-ft9.— Cailliaud, "Voyage k Meroe," Paris, 1826; Hoskins, "Travels in Ethiopia," London, 1833; Authorities. Lepsms, " Denkmaler," Berlin, 1842, etc.

(2.) ptTlal Memoir.— YexWm, "Relation Historique," 1838; Maspero, " I-ltudes de Mythologie et d'Archeologie Egyptiennes," III, Pans, 1898 ; Heinrich Schafer, "Die Aetiopische Konigsinschrift des Berliner Museums," Leipzig, (3.) Much valuable information may be obtained also from the large histories of Egypt by Maspero, Budge, and Petrie, and from the handbooks published by Murray, Baedeker, and Cook ("The Nile," by Dr. Budge). Illustrations and slight descriptions of some of the antiquities have been published by J. Ward in the " Monthly Review " for August, 1902, and May, 1903, and of the gold mines in the prospectuses issued by the companies prospecting.

Space does not suffice to give details of all the antiquities : a bare list must suffice. The initials given below are as follows :— Murray's Handbook of Egypt, 1900 (M.) ; Dr. Budge's "The Nile," 1901 (B.N.) ; Lepsius Denkmaler, 1842 (L.) ; CailHaud's " Voyage a Meroe, 1820 " (C.) ; Rawlinson's Egypt (Storv of the Nation Series) (R.); Dr. Budge's " A History of Egvpt," 1902 (B.E.) ; Hoskins, 1833; J.Ward (articles" in " Monthly Review," August, 1902, and May, 1903, with illustrations) (W.), Antiquities on or near the Nile Banks.

About 2 miles above Haifa, on the west bank, is an ancient Egyptian site with several temples. Five and a half miles above the same town, on the west bank, is the rock of Abu Sir. The chief historical interest Abu Sir. of this spot (from which a fine view of the 2nd Cataract is obtained) is the variety of names inscribed on it, reaching back several hundred years.

Three miles south of Abu Sir are remains of the fortress and small temple of Matuka, built by Usertsen I of the Matuka. Twelfth Dynasty. n-c 2760 ?

On a large island opposite are the remains of a similar fortress and on another small island to the south are the "" ' ruins of a Coptic church called Darbe (M. 983) Forty-three miles south of Haifa are the fortress temples of Semna and Kumma, built by Usertsen III. Rebuilt Seujiia and and extended by Thothmes III of the Eighteenth Dynasty. In good preservation. Amenemhat III also marked the „ ""q ; rise of the Nile here (B.N. 489, 490 ; B.E. iii, 4C, 48, etc., iv, 94, vi, 187, and vide p. 222). bx'! 1600?

At Amara are important ruins of a temple with sculptured columns (L. ; B.N. 491). b.c. 2300.

At Selima Oasis, 55 miles west of Sagiet El Abd, are remains of old convents, built out of still older remains, on ,' , which there are unknown inscriptions. {Vide p. 203.)

At Sai Island, 130 miles from Haifa, are remains of a town and Coptic church, and of cemeteries, also of a temple Sai.

with inscriptions of Thothmes III and Amenhotcp I (Eighteenth Dynasty). "f • 1660-At Sedinga, 6 miles further, are the ruins of a fine temple by Amenhotep III, a column and a cemetery (B.E. Sedmga iv. 111). B.C. 1800.

Six miles to the south is Jebel Dush, with a tomb contemporary with Thothmes III (B.N. 402). J- T>nsh. B.C. 1620 ?

A mile further on is Solib, with the well-preserved remains of a magnificent temple by Amenophis III (L. ; B.N. Solib. 492 ; B.E. iv, 59, etc. ; Hoskins, etc.). Many treasures removed to Jebel Barkal. "•''• lO". Sesebi, opposite Dalgo, contains a ruined temple by Seti I, father of Rameses the Great. (L. ; B.E. v, 9.) Seseln. B.C. 1 o70 or 1275 ! In the district between Dalgo and Koya are several ancient workings for gold and copper, which account for the presence of rich temples near.

On the Island of Tombos, near Kerma, are granite quarries and one statue unfinished. Tombos. On the Island of Argo (Arkaw) are ruins of a temple and of two granite statues lying on the ground (about j,.go. 24 feet long, including pedestal), of Sebekhotep III, of the Thirteenth Dynasty, or else, more probably, of the Napata period.

Near Argo, on the right bank at Karman are the ruins of a large town, and two large mud-brick tombs (B.N. Karman. 493, and L.), called Dafufa and Karman. Six or seven miles south of New Dongola, on the right bank at a place named Kawa, is a delicate little Egyptian temple, date unknown, in good preservation. (Discovered and partially excavated by Colonel Hon. J. Colborne, 1885.)

Khandak marks the site of an ancient Egyptian town of which traces may be seen in the citadel. South of Khandak are traces of Christian or older sites at Firgi and Khalewa on the west bank (Greek inscriptions have come from the latter), and on the east bank at Amentogo, Arab Hag (inscription from obelisk set up in Napata (?) by Piankhi) and a few miles east of Meganda, the last two in the Latte.

Old Dongola. now almost deserted, was the capital of the Christian kingdom of Dongola in the sixth century, old Dongola.