308 Zoolof/y, Edentata.

Cetacea.

IJufTalo — the shorler-lioriied northern form (Bu.-i caffcr equinoctial U) are uunierous in suitable localities, and ap|)ear to be holding their own ; their distribution is roughly the same as tliat given for the Elephant.

Of Hartebeests. Bubal in torn is common on tlie Setit, tlie Upper Atbara and tiie Bhie Nile tributaries ; Buhalis Jacl-ni takes its place on the While Nile, ]?ahr-el-Ghazal and in S.W. Kordofan; a niucli scarcer and more local species, apparently Bubus Xcunmnni has been found on the White Nile near J. Ahniod Aglia. Tlie Tiung* or Bastard Hartebeest {Damnlucua t'wmj) is abundant in the Gezira, and in the sonthern and western parts of the Sudan ; on the eastern side of tlie country it does not range north of the ]J)iiider.

The Water-buck (Cobiis de/assa) is generally distributed where water and grazing are to be found ; the beautiful Mrs. Gray's Water-buck (C maria) — the males of which are marked with a snow-white patch on the withers — is one of the most local of African Antelopes, inhabiting only the swamps of the Ijalir-el-Ghazal and Balir-el-Jebel.

The White-eared Gob {C. Icticotis), commencing near Renk, follows the White Nile upwards, increasing in abundance in the Bahr-el-Ghazal, occurring also on the Sobat and the I'ibor, and extending along the r>ahr-(;l-Jebel into Uganda. On this last river the Uganda Cob (0.- thomasi) has been shot.

The Uoau Antelope {Hipimlmgus cquiuus hakeri) is locally distributed from the Setit to the south-west of tlie Sudan ; the Blue Nile tributaries are perhaps the chief stronghold of this noble beast.

The Oryx Icucory.c is plentiful in Western Kordofan ; the Oryx bclm occurs in one or two localities east ot the Atbara. The Addax ranges into the deserts of the Western Sudan, but very few have yet been shot by any European.

The greater Kudu {Strepnccros capensis) is one ol the scarcer Antelopes in the Sudan, occurring locally in Kordofan, and from the Blue Nile to the noighbou?'hood of Suakin.

The largest known form of Elaiul (the Taurotrugus oryx gigas of Von Heuglin) is I'ound in the IJahr-el-Ghazal Province.

The Le.sser Keedbuck (Cervicapra bohor) occurs on both the Blue and White Niles and their tributaries, the Blue Nile examples carrying the finest he:ids. The Bushbnck of the White Nile is Tragelaphua acriptm, the Blue Nile form being T. decula.

The commonest Gazelles of the Sudan are the Ariel, the lled-fronted, the Dorcas, and Isabelline Gazelles {Guzclla siemmeringi, G. rvjifrons G. dorcas, and G. Isabella), widely distributed ; more local are tl.e Addra GazoUef of Kordofan {G. ruficollis) and Heuglin's Gazelle of the Setit {G. ptilonura). Smaller common Antelopes are the Duiker, Dig-dig, and Oribi {Crpludojjhua, Madoqua, and Ourebia).

The Klipspringer (Oreotragus mltator) is found sparingly on the hills of the Red Sea Littoral.

Ibex (Cawvt Mj/iwrta) frequent the rocky hills of the Kassala and Suakin districts; Wild Sheep (Oi'i'-s lenna) have a wider range, but are much scarcer and shier, and have not been recently shot in the Sudan.

Girafl'es are in parts numerous, their range in the Sudan area being approximately that of the Elephant, except that they are absent from localities which are entirely swampy.

A few Hippopotami still remain as far north ns Dongola, and a few are to be found near Khartoum. Up the White Nile and the Bahr-el-Ghazal they abound, to such an extent that in places they become dangerous or a positive nuisance.

Wart-hogs (/%«cocA«;r«s) are common and widely spread ; while the Sennar Boar (/S'w.s sennarenais) has only been obtaineti, and very rarely, in this one district.

A scaly ant-eater {Manis) occurs, and also a curious ant-bear {Ori/cteropus cethiopicus), very similar to the " Aard Vaark " of the Cajie. No Cetaceans have been found in the Sudan rivers.

Birds.

The Bird fauna of the Sudan is rich and interesting. Visitors will be most struck by the aquatic species whose abundance on the rivers forms one of the most pleasing features of the scenery. The practice of shooting at birds from steamers (forbidden by law, as is all trading in plumes) cannot be too strongly deprecated. This practice has within the last 30 years banished most of the bird-life from tlie Egyptian parts of the Nih; for ever.

Most of the birds, which are summer visitors to Europe, winter in the Sudan, or pass through it on their way further .south. Consjjicuous among these winter visitors are Hoopoes, Golden Orioles, Bee-eaters, Shrikes, Warblers, Wagtails, Flycatchers, &c. Small resident species are abundant, the viirious kinds of Weaver-finches predominating in numbers and collecting in vast flights. Among this family the beautiful scarlet and black "Dura-bird" (Pyromclaiia francitcana) and the long-tailed Whydah Bird (Stcganura paradUea) are specially noticeable. The handsome Glossy Starlings — characteristic African birds — are represented by the genera Sjjrco, Lamprucoliuti, and * Quite recently a closely allied, but rather larger species, Damaliscus korrigmn, has been shot in the deserts of Western Kordofan. It Was previously believed to be entirely a West African form. Herr Matschie had, in fact, recoriled it from near Lake Victoria, but leading English natundiats seemed inclined to consider him mistaken. That it ranges as far east as Long. 30° is now definitely proved. + Tliig gfMicies has recently, in the Khartoum Qardeua, for the first time bred in captivity.