Customs Duties ; Justice. 9

The following is a list of the chief articles of produce of the Sudan, with the districts where such are mostly found : —

Cotton . . . . . . . . Throughout the Sudan in small quantities, but increasing in Dongola, Berber,

and Gezira Provinces. Kordofan and Eastern Desert. Kordofan, Blue Nile, and Gedaref District. Bahr El Ghazal, Kordofan, and Upper Nile Provinces. Bahr El Ghazal and Kordofan. Kordofan.

Chiefly up the White and Blue Niles and in the Bahr El Ghazal. Chiefly Dongola, Tokar, Gedaref, the Gezira, Sennar, and Upper Nile Provinces. Small quantities in Berber. Increasing. Dongola. Best quality at Sukkot. Indications in Northern Sudan and Upper Blue Nile. Hofrat Nahas-Bahr EI Ghazal. Bahr El Ghazal and Kordofan.

Kordofan, Upper Blue Nile and Abyssinian border, Eastern and Northern

Sudan. Mother of Pearl . . . . . . Suakin.

The native industries are, so far, limited in number. Cultivation is the usual occupation of the people. Cotton- cloth weaving, boat-building on the Niles, camel breeding in the northern and western deserts, and iron-smelting in the Bahr El Ghazal practically exhaust the list. Agricultural and industrial shows at the chief towns have, however, been started, and receive considerable support. Minor industries, such as pottery, leather work, improved carjientry, etc., are quickly coming to the fore.

Hides Gum

Ivory

India-rubber Feathers Woods Grain and Cereals Sugar Dates Gold

Copper Iron Other Minerals

CUSTOMS DUTIES.

For the purpose of Customs duties, the Sudan is, in the main, considered as forming a part of Egypt. The Government has, however, concluded a Customs Convention with Eritrea,* and applies practically the same principles to the co-terminous countries of Uganda, the Congo Free State, the French Congo and Abyssinia.

Broadly, goods exported to these countries from the Sudan pay 1 per cent, ad valorem, and imports from those countries 5 to 8 per cent. ; whilst goods in transit thence receive a drawback equal in amount to the duty paid on

entering the country, i.e., they can pass free of duty through the Sudan.*

.lUSTICE.

The main lines of judicial organisation in the Sudan date from 1899, at which time the whole country was under Egyptian Martial Law.

Under the code of Criminal Procedure of that year the criminal courts are directly under the Governor -General,

who, however, has the benefit of the advice of a Legal Secretary. Under " Tlie Civil Justice Ordinance, 1900," the civil courts are subordinated to the Legal Secretary, in his capacity as Acting Judicial Commissioner.

Criminal justice in each province is administered by the Mudir's Court (composed of the Mudir or Governor, or his representative, and two other magistrates), which has general competence ; minor District Courts of three officers, with limited competence ; and magistrates with powers similar to, but more limited than, those of Indian Magistrates. These magistrates are the members of the Provincial Administrative Staff, who are either picked officers of the army or civilian inspectors, who, unless they have had a legal training, are required to pass an examination in the Codes.

The procedure at the inquiry, and as to arrest, etc., is borrowed from the Indian Code of Criminal Procedure ; that at the hearing is that of an Egyptian (or substantially, of a British) court-martial, with which the military officers are familiar.

Sentences passed by the Mudir's Court are submitted to the Governor-General for confirmation. Those of the subordinate courts are either submitted to the Mudir for confirmation, or are open to appeal before him.

The Governor-General has, in all cases, revising powers similar to those of an Indian High Court. The substantive criminal law is contained in the Sudan Penal Code, which is a copy of the Indian Penal Code, with such modifications as the circumstances of the country appeared to demand.

* See Appendix A.