TUKKISH ETIQUETTE. 16T as well as their younger brother, Edris Wood Adlan, after Aburow tlie most powerful ruler in the peninsula, must sit on the ground till it pleases the large and fat Nasra to assign them better places. There is much ceremony, too, about seats and sitting. No captain ever sits before the Pascha, and he even lets most respectable Coptish writers, who hold high civil posts, remain standing in his presence. In the room of any one of higher rank, seats are not taken at pleasure, nor when sitting, is any posture to be assumed at will ; the inferior sits in a most uncomfortable and wearying posture, his legs turned back below him till he receives permission to assume a more agreeable posture. No captain dare sit down before his major, till lie has been expressly asked to do so by him, and then he must select a mat or cai'pet on the ground. A sign of salutation is only, in general, made after the superior has set the example, and no one speaks, not even the higher officers, till they have been addressed by the great man. The Turkish language is the prevailing one, and Turks speak only Turkish, even to Franks, although these may only un<lerstand Arabic. Thus Turkish is the fashionable language. Old Mehemet Ali, who well understands Arabic, from having been so long in those lands, acts as if he knew not a word of it ; all must be translated by an interpreter, nay, it is said, he has forbidden his children to learn it. But it is inconceivable wliy the educated part of Egypt's people, Copts and others, do not understand Turkish, since, for centuries, tiiey have been in close intercourse with the Turks. Among many thousands of the country people, hardly one understands Turkisli. It were, indeed, a most easy matter for the Coptish writers to learn Turkish; but their laziness and indifference to all that concerns their race, and their ignorance of all they are not compelled to know, easily explain their not picking up that language. However, there may also be many, especially among the Copts, who knowing it would not venture to speak it before the Turks, from fear, that they not being Turks, would pay dear for having learnt the ruler's language, and as the Turks would ])robably imagine that by knowing it they had learnt and would betray tiieir secrets.

Froni the preponderance of Turkish influence in all things, many evils arise, especially among the military. The liijzlier of-