THE PHARAOHS IN HAUSSALAND 233 Soudan to pay tribute. The black nations of Ethiopia were sufficiently vigorous to have at times invaded the southern and western frontiers of Egypt, and to have necessitated the building of a great wall of defence against them. This wall, which extended from the frontiers of Abyssinia to Nubia, and through Nubia to the oases, was built by a queen called Dalouka. It was fortified at intervals throughout its length.

We know from other sources that, about the year 1400 B.C., Rameses the Great, who is usually assumed to have been the Pharaoh of Moses, made extensive conquests to the south. This was the Pharaoh whose conquest of Ethiopia is shown upon the monuments, and on those monuments is also indicated the conquest of tributary nations to the West. In connection with these conquests we must not forget the statement of the Tarikh-es-Soudan that it was the Pharaoh of Moses who drew his magicians from Gao. That the nations of the Niger and Lake Chad should have been tributary to Eastern Ethiopia is not surprising, and the inference to be drawn from the monuments and the statements of ancient writers is confirmed by the mere fact that the name of Ethiopia was extended to them. Libyan as well as Ethiopian dynasties are known to have reigned In Egypt after the Pharaohs of the nineetenth dynasty. When, therefore, we read of the reconquest of Egypt, and a march of Ethiopian armies against the Kings of Israel about 1000 B.C., and of an Ethiopian dynasty established at Memphis under Sabako at a period contemporary with the prophet Isaiah, about 750 B.C., we may assume It to be probable that the peoples in the neighbourhood of Lake Chad contributed their share, if not actually to the armies, at least to the strength of the then conquering empire.

After the Ethiopian dynasty came the Persian conquests, during which, as we have seen, expeditions apparently took place which have left a tradition of ancestry among the black nations of the extreme west of the Soudan. After the Persians came Alexander and the