CONTENTS CHAP.

I. Introductory . .

II. Conquest of North Africa and Spain by the Arabs III. Arab Civilisation in Spain IV. The Empire of " The Two Shores " .

V. African Rule in Spain .... VI. Decline of Mohammedan Power in Spain VII. Spanish Arabs in Africa .... VIII. The Soudanese States ....

IX. Negroland and the Western Arabs X. Berber and Black ..... XI. The Trade of Ghana ....

XII. Morabite Conquest of the Soudan . XIII. Ghana and Timbuctoo ....

XIV. The Mellestine XV. Mansa Musa XVI. Ibn Batuta in Melle .... XVII. Administration of the Mellestine . XVIII. Meeting of Eastern and Western Influence upon THE Niger ...... XIX. Rise of the Songhay Empire XX. Military Conquests of Sonni Ali . XXI. AsKiA Mohammed Abou Bekr . XXII. Songhay under Askia the Great XXIII. Songhay under Askia the Great {continued) XXIV. The Later Askias XXV. Ancient Connection of Haussaland with the Valley of the Nile .... XXVI. The Pharaohs in Haussaland . XXVII. The Haussa States XXVIII. The Domination of Kano PAGE I 24 31 50 58 67 73 78 83 90 100 107 113 117 122 129 142 153 163 174 181 190 199 211 218 227 236 245 Vll