THE EGYPTIAN SUDAN the temples at Luxor, Karnak, Abydos, and other important sites on the west bank of the Nile. He published a careful account of his travels in 1826, under the title, " Voyage a Meroe, au Fleuve Blanc, " au-dela de Fazoql dans le midi du Royaume de Sennar, a Syouah "et dans cinq autres Oasis, fait dans les annes 1819, 1820, 1821 " et 1822." This work was accompanied by a valuable series of drawings, plans, and sketches, which appeared in folio form, and to it I am indebted for many of the illustrations printed in this book. Cailliaud's narrative is, unquestionably, one of the most important contributions to the archaeology of the Sudan which has ever appeared, and his plans and drawings, though they leave much to be desired from the modern point of view, are of the greatest value, for they serve to give us an idea of the condition in which were the monuments of that country at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and they supply copies of reliefs and inscriptions which no longer exist. That one man with such limited resources should have accomplished so much is in itself a matter for wonder, and when we remember the trying climate of the Sudan, and the difficult physical conditions under which he worked, the wonder is greatly increased. The publication of his "Voyage" came as a revelation to the learned world of Europe, and many were moved by his example to visit Nubia and the Egyptian Sudan, which was then called " Ethiopia," and was regarded as the land whence sprang the arts and learning of Egypt, and ultimately those of Greece and Rome.

In i8ig F. C. Gau, a French architect, visited Egypt and Nubia, and made a series of plans and drawings of the buildings and monuments in these countries. These were intended to form a supplement to the great work published by Napoleon's savants, and appeared under the title, Antiquites de la Nuhi \ on Monuments im'dits des bords du Nil, situps entre la premiere et la seconde Cataracte, Stuttgart and Paris, 1822.

In 1829 Lord Prudhoe made a journey from Cairo to Sennaar. He arrived, on Mai-ch loth, at Khartum, which he describes as consisting of a collection of mud-houses and straw huts, resembling wheat-stacks or bee-hives. The governor lived in a ** tolerable house " of mud. He visited some Shilluks and notes that they swore by the Sun. During his journey he kept a 54