TRAVELS OF CAILLIAUD and appears to have been the first to discover this interesting people. From Abkulgui CailHaud marched to Singue and then returned to Fazogli ; from Fazogli he returned to Sennaar, and from Sennaar to Halfaya on the Nile, a few miles to the north of Khartum. After a short stay at Halfaya he set out for Shendi, and visited the interesting ruins of Wad Ba Nagaa on the way.

From Sennaar to Shendi he followed Bruce's route, and it is impossible not to agree with him in wondering why that traveller makes no mention of the important ruins of Nagaa and the pyramids which lie about thirty miles to the north of Shendi. The only explanation possible is that Bruce was exhausted by his travels and sojourn in Abyssinia, and that he was in such a hurry to escape from the strife and wars of that country, and to return home, that he had neither the inclination nor time to visit and examine such extensive remains ; indeed that he should press on to Egypt as fast as possible is not to be wondered at when we remember his experiences. Cailliaud stayed at Nagaa, which he says was also known by the name of " Kanisa ul-Fakir Masawwarat," and made a plan of the ruins and of the temple, and to him belongs the credit of being the first European to depict their character. A day's march brought him to Shendi, where he met M. Linant, who had recently returned from Sennaar, and from visiting the ruins to the south of Shendi. Before leaving Shendi Cailliaud set out to examine the ruins of Nagaa, in Gebel-Ardan, and those of Al-Masawwarat. The remains which he found at the former place proved beyond all doubt that a large city stood there in ancient times, and that it was one of no small importance, and every one who takes the trouble to examine them cannot fail to appreciate the question which Cailliaud put to himself: " What has become " of the people who dared to found a city and to build splendid " edifices, on this parched land, in the middle of the desert, where " at the present day the traveller is unable to find the smallest " spring whereat he may quench his thirst, and in such a spot that ''even the wild animals avoid it as a dwelling place ? " (p. 125, torn. iii.). The examination of Nagaa which Cailliaud made enabled him to identify the sites of several temples and other buildings, and the plan which he published (plate xi.) represents the first 47