THE EGYPTIAN SUDAN capitals of pillars, which suggest that a temple of a later period once stood here.

On the walls inside the temple of Semna are cut the following names:— B. Hanbury.

G. Waddingtoa F. Hetley.

J. Paget.

J. G[ardner] Wilkinson.

J. S. Wiggett. April 21st. 52.

A. Burlingham. i832(?).

Holroyd. i835(?).

Melly B. On the west wall, outside are cut the following names : Fatme.

Lafargue. 1853.

P. Candy. 1861.

P. C. Letorzec. 1820.

G. S. Eval. 1820.

E. F. A. 1848.

Paoletti. 1884.

I. W. Leigh. 1861. From the top of the hill it is easy to see that the walls which surrounded the temple enclosure also protected the buildings of a large camp or garrison. These ruins are, as Burckhardt says,' certainly of high antiquity. They cover the top of the hill which overhangs the river bank, and are enclosed by a double wall, or rather by a wall within a parapet ; the former is of brick, from 8 feet to 12 feet thick, and, wherever it is entire, is upwards of 30 feet in height. The parapet is constructed of stone, 20 feet in breadth, with sides sloping towards the declivity of the hill ; the stones of the parapet are thrown irregularly upon each other, without cement, but those which form the sloping side are either cut, or dexterously arranged, so as to present a perfectly smooth surface, which, at the period when the work was taken care of, must have rendered it impossible for any one to climb over it.

' Travels p. 82.

478