TRAVELS OF RUSSEGGER AND LEPSIUS this object lying inside the temple at the north end, and we took it to Khartum, where it stands in the Government Museum. From Semna Hoskins crossed the river to visit the ruins of Kumma, which consist of the lower parts of the walls of a temple of the XVIIIth Dynasty, whereon the cartouches of Thothmes I., Thothmes II., and Thothmes III. and Amenhetep III. appear frequently. With his arrival at Wadi Haifa the travels of Hoskins in Ethiopia may be said to terminate, and his archaeological researches to cease. The account of his journey is more useful from the anthropological than the antiquarian point of view, but his plans and views will always possess a certain value, for they represent the work of a careful and intelligent traveller.

In 1836 J. Russegger set out from Europe to visit Egypt and Nubia, and he travelled in those countries from November nth of that year to July 27th, 1838. He went to Korosko, crossed the Abu Hamed Desert to Berber, and then went on to Khartum ; from this place he visited Kordofan, and passed some time among the N0bas. He next went up the Blue Nile to Sennaar, Fazogli, Ruseres, &c., and penetrated the Negro land as far as the Galla country, to the south-west of Abyssinia. On his return he crossed the Bayuda Desert from Matamma to Gebel Barkal, and he visited Gebel Barkal and Dongola on his way to Haifa. He published an account of his travels under the title Reisen in Europa, Asien, und Afrika, Stuttgart, 1843, and he illustrated them with a number of plates which were published in six parts at Stuttgart, 1842-1849. His book is valuable, and is a mine of information, but it is heavy to read. His Egyptian travels are described in the second volume of his work.

The next traveller of importance who examined the antiquities of the Sudan scientifically was the eminent Egyptologist Richard Lepsius, who in 1842 was appointed director of the scientific expedition to investigate the " remains of ancient Egyptian and " Ethiopian Civilization, still in preservation in the Nile Valley and " the adjacent countries," which was sent out by H.M. Frederick William IV. of Prussia. Lepsius was accompanied by G. Erbkam, a land-surveyor from Berlin, E. and M. Weidenbach, draughtsman and painter respectively from Naumburg, J. Frey, a draughts-61