APPENDIX. xxxiii between Canopus and the pillars of Hercules ; equal to about thirtytwo per day (Periplus of Scylax, p. 51) *.

“ The Red Sea is forty days’ navigation (Eut. 11) and the track which a ship must necessarily make through it is about thirteen hundred geographic miles, or less ; so that the rate must be taken at thirty-two per day.

“ The Euxine is said by the same author (Melp. 186) to be sixteen days’ navigation from the Bosphorus to the Phasis ; producing about thirty-eight per day ; he says, indeed, nine days and eight nights, which, according to his own rule given in the same place, is equal to sixteen days.

“ The Caspian Sea is said by the same author (Clio, 203) to be fifteen days’ navigation for a swift-rowing vessel ; and being about six hundred and thirty miles long, this allows a rate of forty-two.

“ Pliny says (lib. vi. 23), that it was forty days’ sail from the outlet of the Red Sea to the coast of India (Malabar), which is about one thousand seven hundred and fifity geographic miles, equal to forty-four.

“ He also reckons it thirty days’ sail from Berenice to the outlet of the Red Sea ; this would give about thirty per day only.

“ It will be seen that the mean rate of sailing, resulting from these examples, is thirty-seven geographic miles per day ; and that of the six first, which Major Rennell considers to be the fairest, no more than thirty -five such miles in the same time.

“We may add (continues our author), that the mean rate of Nearchus was no more than twenty-two and a half during his voyage ; and less than thirty through the Persian Gulf. But we regard his rate as unusually low, for the reasons above stated f.

* The rate given by Scylax between Leptis Magna and Abrotonum, is even lower than this, — being under thirty geographic miles per day ; that is, supposing Tagiura (which is fifty-eight miles from Lebida) to occupy the site of Abrotonum.

t Because his fleet was composed, in a great part of vessels ill calculated for long voyages ; and the sailing of the slow-goers would naturally regulate that of the rest.