52 GENERAL ROUTINE WORK found in this water, though some of it has been centrifuged and examined. The only other water drank was that from the Blue Nile, the general source of supply for Khartoum. The urines of all the boys (73 in number) attending the school have been examined and 17 per cent, have been found to suffer in like manner.

It is important to note that most of these boys were in the habit of bathing in the Blue Nile.

Captain Ensor reports cases from the Kassala district in Arabs who had pre¬ sumably not been in Egypt. They may have visited Abyssinia.

Calculus (Hagga misana) is common. Soft uratic stones are the rule; but phosphatic and uric acid calculi occur. Much of the underlying strata in the Sudan consists of limestone, and the well waters are hard. Blue Nile water issues from amongst the granitic rocks of Abyssinia.

Pyelitis.—A form of pyelitis, due apparently to the irritation produced by concentrated urine, occurs. Captain Ensor tells me it is of common occurrence, and to be attributed to the above cause. The symptoms are slight fever, a general feeling of malaise, sharp pricking at the point of the penis, with some spasm towards the end of micturition, and a dull boring pain in the region of the affected kidney.

Rest in bed, a milk diet, free flushing, and dry cupping in the lumbar region soon cause relief and cure.

IV.—Diseases Appearing erom an Examination of the Sputum Pulmonary Phthisis (,Sil rheowe, durran)}—Very common amongst the native Sudanese. No doubt due to the fact that they live in ill-ventilated mud dwellings, the main object of which is to exclude the powerful rays of the sun. Most frequent amongst women and children, as might be expected.

Asthma.—Bronchial asthma seems to be unknown in the Northern Sudan where the dry climate is good for catarrhal asthmatics. I have known two instances of British officials, previously martyrs to the disease, who have not had an attack since coming to the country, in which they have now been resident for a considerable time. In the damp regions to the south the disease is sometimes encountered.

Gangrene of Lung.—This seems rather common, as is cancrum oris. In one instance the pulmonary gangrene occurred in a case of mycetoma.

V.—Diseases Appearing from an Examination of the Skin Leprosy (Goyam).—Probably occurs all over the Sudan. There are a good many lepers in Omdurman and Kassala. The tuberculous variety seems to be the more common form to judge by the leper photographs sent me by Dr. Christopherson. Fish is largely eaten by dwellers on the Niles, and I under¬ stand that the natives are none too particular about its condition. There is said to be leprosy in waterless Kordofan. In this connection one may mention 1 Whore there is both an Egyptian and Sudanese name, the latter is put second