40 HISTORY [No. 08 caused by the war, and the native tribes have, without exception, proved loyal. ' The latest adjustments of the boundary with German East Africa and the Belgian Congo were made in 1910 and 1911 .

ZANZIBAR (a) To the Close of the Portuguese Domination In the early years of the sixteenth century the Portu guese made themselves masters of the coast of East Africa, including the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba.

On their arrival they found many flourishing cities, which owned a doubtful allegiance to the Sultanateof Kilwa (200 miles south of Zanzibar), itself founded A.D. 975 by Ali ibn Hasan, a Persian prince from Shiraz. To this so -called “ Zenj Empire ” Zanzibar belonged. But the cities were practically independent. The Arab influence predominated in all , and a flourish ing trade was carried on with India and the Persian Gulf.

(6) Zanzibar under Oman ( A.D. 1698–1861) In A.D. 1698 the then Imâm of Muscat (Oman ), Saif bin Sultan, sent a naval force which expelled the Portuguese and took Zanzibar, Pemba, Mombasa, and Kilwa . These now became dependencies of Muscat. The governors ( valis) were , however, in practice largely independent of the Imâm, and at times openly defied him (e.g., the Mazrui, in 1746 ). In 1788 the Imâm , Sultanbin Ahmed, re took Zanzibar (Pemba remained in the hands of the Mazrui till 1822) . In 1832 the most famous of the rulers of Oman, Said bin Sultan (born 1790 , joint ruler of Oman with his brother from 1804 ; sole ruler from 1821 ) , transferred the capital of all his dominions from Muscat to Zanzibar, and the most prosperous chapter in the island's history begins.

* [ Cd. 8434. 8] , Annual Report for 1915-16.