British drica ] COAST, SURFACE, AND STREAMS 25 Africa Protectorate, although they are still, in fact, part of the Dominions of the Sultan of Zanzibar . The Zanzibar Protectorate is thus practically confined to Zanzibar and Pemba, with the adjacent smaller islands. The islands of Zanzibar and Pemba lie some 20 to 30 miles from the mainland between Dar es Salaam and the Umba River. Pemba, the smaller island, is the more northerly of the two (Chaki Chaki 5° 15 ' S. , 39° 46' E. ) . Its extreme length is 38 miles, its breadth 13 miles; and its area covers about 380 square miles. The length of Zanzibar is about 50 miles; and its breadth about 20 , while its area is roughly 640 square miles ( Zanzibar Town 6° 10' S. , 39° 11' 30" E. ) .

Pemba is separated from the mainland by an open channel, but Zanzibar lies rather closer in , facing a long concave curve of the coast line , and the channel, which is comparatively shallow , is so much encumbered with islets and coral reefs that the navigable fairway narrows in places to less than 4 miles .

(2 ) Coast , SURFACE, AND STREAMS The east coasts of both islands are little indented, and afford no anchorages for large vessels. The west coast of Pemba is faced by irregular groups of islets and reefs, while Zanzibar is similarly indented on its western side, and fringed with reefs and small islands, of which the most considerable is Tumbatu. Among the western bays and behind the shelter of islets and reefs there are in Pemba as well as in Zanzibar several anchorages able to accommodate ocean -going vessels, and a larger number suitable for dhows.

The surface of Zanzibar is undulating, with a series of small hills running from north to south, the highest being Masingini (440 ft.) . Much of the island consists of open park -like country ;elsewhere there is a thick but a low forest growth. The soil in general supports an abundant tropical vegetation.

In Pemba the surface, broken into many steep ridges and valleys , is mainly composed of a sandy clay reten a