46 (No. 88 HISTORY Halfaya down to 1903) , has risen from 69,000 in 1903 to 98,485 in 1917 ; that of Khartum itself from 8,000 to 23,000. Gordon College was opened by the Sirdar on November 8, 1902. Khartum Cathedral was consecrated by the Bishop of London onJanuary 26 , 1912, the 27th anniversary of Gordon's death. Locusts at times ravage the gardens, but successful war is waged on the mosquito . Dust remains “ a necessary constituent of the atinosphere.

Berber.—This province's receipts exceeded its expen diture as early as 1902. The gold mines at Um Nabardi and archæological activity at Meroe afford useful employment, especially in bad years (as 1914 ), to the inhabitants,who are mostly small cultivators and hard working. The Zeidab experimental plantation and an irrigation basin at Kelli (opened in 1914 ) are of pre sent use and future promise. The Jaalin are recover ing slowly from their massacre by the Dervish Mahmud in 1897. Only one petty outbreak of fanaticism , that of Hashmi in 1910, has occurred . For the roving tribes of the Atbai blood feuds and raids are still among the diversions of life.

Blue Nile . - Created in 1902, and called Blue Nile from January 1, 1905 ; capital, 1902-1905, Kamlin ; from 1905, Wad Medani. This province has been the chief home of Mahdist fanaticism in the Sudan ; the Katfia outbreak of 1908 caused two years' unrest. The ex perimental farm at Tayiba was opened in 1911. Great irrigation projects in the Gezira are now approved , but were delayed by the European War . There have been many boundary disputes and adjustments with White Nile , Sennar, and Kassala .

White Nile.Created in 1905. This province is finan cially most prosperous, and has always paid its way , its surplus rising from £ E.4,593 in 1905 to £E.30,783 in 1912. Dura is exported to Egypt in good years (as 1909 ) , imported from India in bad ( as 1913 ). The Arab camelmen, “ almost naked themselves," purchase jewellery in large quantities for their women . There has been much immigration into the province of >