32 [No. 98 HISTORY regarded. Simply to hand the country back to Egypt was, in view of the past and of the share taken by Great Britain in the reoccupation, impossible. A condominium of Great Britain and Egypt in the Sudan was created by an agreement between the British Government and that of the Khedive, signed at Cairo on January 19, 1899 , the terms of which were extended to the town of Suakin by a subsequent Agreement of July 10 , 1899. The nature and provisions of this Agreement freed the Sudan from any possibility of interference by any Power other than the two concerned. The Sultan of Turkey raised a feeble and ineffective protest; but no formal assent to it of any Power was requested. The share of the British Government in this system of administration was, in the Preamble to the Agreement, based definitely on the right of conquest.” Its only later modification was the creation in January 1910 of the Governor -General's Council. Under the terms of . this Constitution the Sudan has been administered for the last nineteen years.

During this period no enactments concerning the Sudan have been passed by the British Parliament . The somewhat anomalous system of Government has worked admirably. Its semi-military character was and is inevitable, but the civilian element in it con stantly tends to increase.

(2) Frontier History The frontiers of the Sudan , as fixed by the Agree ment of January 19, 1899 , and by subsequent arrange ments, are coterminous with Egyptian, Belgian, French, Italian, and Abyssinian territory, and with the Uganda Protectorate. The history of the last five frontiers and of the relations of the Sudan Govern ment with the semi-independent Sultan of Darfur may be briefly summarised.

( a ) The Belgian Enclave Frontier .-The Lado Enclave was a large tract of country, with a popula