Sudan Anglo-Egyptian] TURKS , FUNGS , AND FURS 25 aboriginal negroid Dagu people of Darfur , who were subject in the fourteenth century to invasion by the Tungur Arabs, apeople of uncertain origin. Dâli, the first of the Fur Sultans, drew up a code of laws which lasted as long as the Sultanate. There was an un broken succession of Sultans of Darfur for 400 years. In physical characteristics the original negro element predominated, but in religion the Arab. Religious fanaticism drove the last Sultan , Ali Dinar, to revolt against the Anglo-Egyptian Government in 1916, and with his defeat and death the Sultanate came to an end .

By the end of the eighteenth century , save for Darfur, the whole of the Sudan was in anarchy and confusion . The Turkish hold of the north was feeble, maintained precariously by Bosnian garrisons and Mameluke beys . The far south remained terra incognita .

(3) Annexation by Egypt ; Exploitation (1820-81) In 1820 the Sudan was annexed to Egypt byMehemet Ali, who had “ amputated ” the latter country from the decaying body of the Ottoman Empire. In the Sudan he hoped to find gold, slaves, and recruits for his army in vast quantities. Only the gold failed him . For his own security also he needed to give employment to his turbulent army and to suppress the remnants of the Mamelukes who had taken refuge in the south. The work of annexation he entrusted to his youngest son , Ismail, who in 1822 was entrapped andburnt alive at Shendi. But the work went rapidly forward . Egyptian rule was extended south to Fazogli and west to the borders of Darfur ; and in 1822 Khartum was founded as the centre of administration . The first twenty governors ( 1825-77) were Egyptian . By Mehemet Åli's death in 1849 Egyptian power reached up the Nile to Kodok (Fashoda ), and eastwards included all the Beja country, Kassala , and the Taka Abyssinian border district . Traders in ivory (whose pioneer was the Englishman, John Petherick , in 1853)