Anglo -Egyptian] CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY 23 1898 Frontier Convention with France. Battles of the Atbara and Omdurman . 1899 Agreement between Great Britain and the Khedive. Declaration modifying the Frontier Convention with France of 1898 . Death of the Khalifa. Sir R. Wingate becomes Sirdar . 1900 Capture of Osman Digna . 1901-2 Agreements with Italy as to Eritrean frontier. 1902 Treaty with Ethiopia as to Abyssinian frontier . Gordon College opened . 1904 The Lemaire mission . 1906 Agreement as to frontier with Belgian Congo.

1910 Creation of Governor -General's Council . Lado Enclave surrendered to Sudan Government. 1914 Frontier with Uganda readjusted . 1916 Revolt of Ali Dinar . End of the Fur Sultans . Darfur incorporated in the Sudan . 1919 Supplementary Convention to Anglo -French Convention of 1899.

I. HISTORY TO 1899 ( 1 ) Early History to 1500 FROM the beginning the rulers of Egypt, successively Egyptian, Assyrian,Libyan, Persian, Greek, Roman, Arab, and Turkish, have regarded “ Nubia ” and Ethiopia,” the land south of the Second Cataract of the Nile , with both greed and anxiety. Only rarely, however , did they actually subdue any part of it ; and once (B.C. 730-667) an “ Ethiopian ” dynasty in retalia tion ruled the whole of Egypt.

The Romans of the Empire, as masters of Egypt, found two peoples inhabitingthe Northern Sudan, the Blemmyes ( ancestors of the Beja Hamite folk of to day) and the Nobatae ( represented to-day by the Barabra of Dongola district). To safeguard their own southern frontier against the former they enlisted the latter in their service. Eventually ( 545 ) a powerful Nubian kingdom , Christian in religion , with its capital at Old Dongola , was established. The Nubians, divided in thetenth century into the two