British frica ] 95 ZANZIBAR : FINANCE > per cent.; Great Britain buys cloves and clove-stems, ivory, gum copal, hides and skins, and sells piece-goods, building materials, crockery, hardware and cutlery, provisions, furniture, machinery, tobacco, spirits, beer and wine. Germau East Africa and Germany together, in pre-war years, handled about 20 per cent. of the Protectorate's trade, the Fatherland exchanging beads, piece-goods, crockery, glass , machinery , hardware, beer, wine and sugar for cloves and clove -stems, copra, hides and skins . The trade with France, amounting to over 10 per cent . of the whole, waschiefly remarkable for the French purchase of nearly the whole export of copra and thecomparativeinsignificance of French imports into Zanzibar. The Netherlands and the United States send consignments of piece -goods. Coal is imported from South Africa. Figures of export and import are given in Table VIII (Appendix, pp . 106-7) .

Most of the customs duties call for no special remark , but the export duty of 25 per cent. on the value of cloves and clove-stems is one of the main sources of Protec torate revenue. Practically all imports pay a duty of 74 per cent. of their value.

(D) FINANCE The chief item in the revenue of the Protectorate is customs, which contributes close on 60 per cent . of the total. British East Africa pays £ 11,000 per annum as rent for the coast possessions of Zanzibar on the mainland. Revenue approximately balances expendi ture in the case of the Agriculture and Railway and Electricity Departments, whereas the Port Service and Shipping Departments have expenses exceeding re ceipts. The chief charges under expenditure are for the Public Works Department, Civil List, Police and Armed Constabulary, Judicial and Medical Depart ments. Gifts of £10,000 in 1915 and £20,000 in 1916 were made by the Protectorate to the Imperial Govern ment for the purposes of the war . The totals of revenue and expenditure for eight years were as follows : [ 3918 ] I