793 VIEW OF ZANZIBAR. (From a flioto sufflied by Sir It.M. Stanley.)

CAMPAIGNS IN EASTERN AND CENTRAL AFRICA, 1890—1899.

THE partition of Africa between theEuropean Powers has been one of the chief sources of military activity during the period of the 'nineties. We have alreadytold the storyof the reconquest of the Upper Nile from the Dervishes; of the rivalry of England and France upon the Niger; of the " race" for the Upper Nile; and of the expeditionsand wars in Southern Africa that added Rhodesia to the British Empire. We have alsohad to say something of the rise of Abyssinia to military importance under Menelek, the collapse of the Italian scheme for an East African Empire, and the extension of the Congo Free State to the Nile Valley betweenLado and the Great Lakes. But, large as has been the space that these events have occupied in our narrative, the record of the wars of Africa during the period dealt with is still incomplete. There are few countries in the whole continent from the Mediterranean to the Cape that have not been the scene of hostilities during these ten years. England, France,Germany,Belgium, Portugal— in a word, every European Power that holds territory anywhere in Africa has had to secure and to maintain its hold on its share of the Dark Continent by the sword,or, to speak more literally, by the rifle and the machine gun.

Even where the white man's " protectorate"has in the first instance been peacefully accepted, there have nearly always been subsequent rebellions, andhardly a year passes without punitive expeditions to avenge the killing of a European trader or official, or to impress on some black chief that he must leave the trade routes open. Then there has been much fighting on a small scale against Arab slave raiders and their negro imitators. To tell in detail the story of these numerous little wars and expeditions would occupy much more space than the plan of this work leaves to us, and much of it would be wearisomereading. We must therefore be content to sketch briefly the British campaigns of Uganda and LTnyoro on the Great Lakes of the Nile Valley, and tlae long struggle of the Free State forces against theArab chiefs in the Congo region;and also take note of our little wars in Nvassaland, and tlae naval operations which secured our holdon Zanzibar.

The British East African Protectorate has a coast line of about 400 miles q<n tlae Indian Ocean, beginning a little to the north of Zanzibar and extending to the Jub River. Inland it is bounded on the south by the German East African sphere. Northwards it extends to the region of Lake Rudolf, through country