FRONTIER CAMPAIGN. CHITRAL AND THE N.W 534 rocky hillside. Nor were the officers who had not served on the frontier before the war acquainted with the tactics which their new surroundings made it necessary to substitute for the attack as practised at Aldershot. As the practical result of these considerations a certain number of units in the Indian army have now each year the advantage of peace manSuvres in hilly or mountainous ground.

Another class of criticisms evoked by the Frontier War had reference to the terms imposed on the tribes. They were too lenient, it was said by some. The IndianGovernmentshould either never have entered their hills, contenting itself with preventing raids on the lower country,or if it entered the mountains it should have made its name a terror for years to come to every tribe that rebelled. The army that entered Tirah, say these critics, should never have left it,but should have kept its flagflying in a fort on every pass, and over a military stationin some central point. The tribes, they say, thanks to the leniency of the Government, are biding the time with the pick of their rifles still in hand, having only surrendered the poorest of their modern weapons, and as there is hardly a frontier village that was not raided during the long campaign, every tribe has plenty of blood feuds against the men who now guard the frontier, every feud a lever ready to the mullahs' hands when they preach a new Jehad.

to the tribes having accepted their failure,and learneda useful lesson from defeat. InDecember, 1898, the Mad Mullah,who had roused the Swat tribes to attack the Malakandin 1897, andhad taken refuge in Afghanistan after their defeat, returned to the Nepki Valley, north of Chakdara, and preached a new rising. He gathered a small following, and had some skirmishes with the loyal Khan of Dir, but the Swat people, the Bajauris, and the Mohmands all refused to rise at his summons, and after an anxious week,during which reinforcements for the Malakandcamps were held in readiness at Rawul Pindi, the Mullah disappeared, making his way back once more to his Afghan hidingplace.

Another incident occurred early in1899. A small column fromBannu marchedout topunish a section of the Darwesh Khel Waziris, who lived at Gomati, near the Afghan border, and hadbeen indulgingin acts of petty brigandage. The Waziris held their village, and defied the column to touch them. An attack ended in failure,the light guns thathad beenbrought out not being strong enough to breach thevillage towers. The column withdrew with loss. A year and a half ago such an incidentmight well have been the herald ofa frontierrising,but now theWaziri outlaws knew theycouldhope for no support from the rest of their people, and they fled into Afghanistan. A stronger column from Bannu found the place deserted andblew upits towers. Incidentslike these seemto warrant the hope that the Frontier War, with all its losses, has at least brought the solid gain of peace on theborder for some years to come.

Time will show how far these criticisms are justified. But a year after the close of the campaign the frontier is as peaceful as such a land can be, and more than oneincident points