438 CHITRAL AND THE N.W. FRONTIER CAMPAIGN.

withhis own. On his side of the newlimit he took full advantageof all the rights it gave him, and his general, Gholam Hyder Khan, carried on a war of extermination against the Kafir tribes in the Hindu Kush. Having broken their resistance, he at a later date encouraged the tribes on our side of the line to give us not a little trouble as soon as the opportunity offered.

Our first struggle with the border men took 4place near the southern end of the line. On November 3rd, 1894, the officers charged with 'the work of surveying the frontier in the Waziri country above the Gomal were suddenly attacked by night in their camp,and,although they had an escort of 3,000 men and six guns to /protect them, the night action at Wano was jnearbeinga terribledisaster. TheWaziris were beatenoff after inflictingheavy loss and suffering still heavier. Itis interestingto note that what stopped their first wild rush was not our fire, but the explosion of a star shell thrown from one of the mountain guns to light up the ground. The shower of brilliant stars turning the night to dayseemed to them some wonderful piece of magic and made even the boldest hesitate. A punitive expedition under Sir William Lockhart marched through their country, taught them that evenin their mountain fastnesses they could not defy the soldiers of the Indian Empire, and forced them to accept our terms and acknowledgeour rule. But the fate of theWaziris only added to the suspicions of the other tribes, and in the following year we drifted into a more serious conflict with the hillmen in the border state of Chitral, the ultimate result of which was to add seriously to the general unrest of thefrontier.

SIR GEORGE ROBERTSON.