IV. D 1. Lviii. OF THE SUDAN 187

son of A'sir son of Sa'ad son of Kays 'Aylan, and Ma'an's descendants were named after her.

XLIX Now if you have studied these genealogical ramifications you must know that in the explanation of pedigrees that follows perhaps

one pedigree resembles the form of another, but they are distinguish-

able from one another, pedigree from pedigree, and tribe from tribe; and the similarity is merely superficial : do not therefore be led astray, for nothing is included in this compilation but what is supported by the authority of trustworthy genealogists, or mentioned by the author of the Dictionary of the Arabic Language, or vouched for by him to the exclusion of any other version. If any genealogies are repeated

in a form contradictory to that given previously, [it must be under-

stood that] a variant version is being given. L The great philosophers are Plato [Iflatun] and Aristotle [Aristu]

and Ptolemy [Bath'mus] and Galen [Galinus]. LI The father of the science of the supernatural was Plato, and it is founded upon inductive reasoning from objects of the senses

realized by the help of the perceptive faculties.

LII Aristotle is the father of the natural sciences, such as treat of the heavens and the earth and existence and non-existence and meteorology and fundamental laws and botany and zoology, and they are founded upon the use of the perceptive faculties.

LIII The father of astronomy is Ptolemy, and it is founded upon the perceptive faculties and the laws of things perceptible.

LIV The father of experimental medicine is Galen, and it is founded upon the use of the perceptive faculties.

LV The pedigrees found in the works of reliable historians and genealogists are traced to the stock of Nuh, who alone among the children of Adam survived the deluge for ever.

LVI The children of Nuh were Sam and Ham and Yafith. [Wahhab ibn Munebbih says that] Sam son of Nuh was father of the Arabs and Persians [Fdris] and the Romans [el Rum]; [and that] Ham was father of the blacks ; and Yafith of the Turks and Yagug and Magug.

LVII Sam begot Arfakhshadh and Ashudh and Laudh and Aram. LVIII From Laudh son of Ham are descended Faris, and Girgan,

and Tasm, and 'Amlik, father of the 'Amalik, who were the giants in Syria, who were called the Kana'aniyyunI; and of them were the Pharaohs of Egypt; and [also] the people of Bahrayn and 'Oman, and [these latter] were called^ Gashim : [of them too were the children of Omaym son of Laudh. . .],

^ reading ^^\jtjSi\ for ^^UJUl. 2 reading ^J^.,fZ->^ for ^J^^.