Mdkarakd. 135 The western portion of the territory of the Abaka tribe is hilly, and intersected by many streams.

West of Ansea there is a platean, which forms the watershed separating the Aire and Roah (Meriddi) systems, the latter river rising in a prominent hill to the sonth, named Embe.

To the west of Bandura, the hills are thinly vrooded with bnsh but covered with high grass, and in this direction lies the "watershed between the Meriddi and Issu Rivers.

From the hill of Ngirna, near Belledi, there is an uninterrupted view over the country to the west, which slopes down to the Issu, and at a distance of about 25 miles are seen the hills of Damvolo (Damvo), Baginsa, and Bonduppo.

The. country south of Ansea is a uniform undulating plain, with a few isolated hills appearing here and there, such as Embe, Guduku, and Bageda. There are numerous streams flowing southward, of which the Akka and the Garamba are the most important. The marshy nature of the smaller ones, however, makes even their passage difficult. The most prominent landmark seen from this part of the country is Mount Andgu, lying away io the south ; but, with the exception of an occasional peak, the entire country in this direction seems a vast plain.

The Zeribas Wandi and Ahmet Agha Jie in a hollow, watered by the Torre River. From the south, numerous streams run into the Torre, and around these are to be found most of the habitations ot the Makaraka proper. This tribe call themselves Idio, a name given to them by the Kiam-Niam. In their district there are two hills of gneiss, Gurmani and Lipako, which constitute prominent landmarks from the south-east, in which direction the country gradually but continually rises, so that not only the range south of Ndirfi can be seen, but also the distant hills to the south-east, as Muga, &c, in the Kakuak and Fadyellu country, as w 7 ell as those to the east and northeast, Jebel Gumbiri, and the peaks of the Rego range. From Ndirfi itself, one can only see in a northerly direction as far as Degis, a line of gneiss hills.

To sum up the topography of the Mudirieh Makaraka, to the north and west the country is hilly, to the south and east rolling plains.