References for Chapter One Omar Moharram Ahmaed Abdel Rahman, The Battle of Adwa and its Impact on the Imperialist Conflict in the East. Master's thesis in African Studies, Institute of African Research and Studies, Cairo University, 1991.

Makki Shabeika, Sudan Through the Centuries, Dar Al-Jeel, Beirut, 1965. p. 469.

Mohamed Said Al-Qaddal, Modern History of Sudan, 1820-1955, Khartoum, 1992. p. 313.

Ibid. p. 257.

Berhane Habte Selassie, The Conflict in the Horn of Africa, Arab Research Foundation, Beirut, 201. p. 9. (Also refer to Map No. 1).

Idris Mohamed Ahmed, The Egyptian-Ethiopian Conflict and its Impact on Sudan, 1855-1900. p. 265.

Jad Mohamed Taha, Fashoda, Diploma thesis, Institute of African Studies, Cairo University, 1959. p. 28.

Berhane Habte Selassie, op. cit., p. 28.

Abdel Ghaffar Mohamed Hussein, The Sultanate of Harrar under Egyptian Influence, 1875-1885. Diploma thesis from the Institute of African Studies, Cairo University, 1965. p. 119.

Berhane Habte Selassie, op. cit., p. 112. (Refer to Appendix No. 1).

A published text from Menelik to the European powers.