In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

Acknowledgments First, thanks be to God, Lord of the Worlds, for granting me success in completing this research.

Then, thanks and appreciation to Professor Dr. Hassan Makki Mohamed Ahmed, Dean of the Center for African Research and Studies at the African International University, for his favor, generosity, patience, guidance, and valuable assistance to me.

I also thank Professor Dr. Yusuf Fadl Hasan, who chaired the committee for the discussion and approval of this research, for his valuable guidance, precise observations, revisions, and corrections from which I benefited greatly. I also extend thanks to the member of the discussion committee, Professor Dr. Abdul Rahman Ahmed Othman at the African International University. Thanks also extend to many institutions and individuals in Sudan, Ethiopia, and Egypt who provided me with immense assistance.

Among these institutions are the Addis Ababa University Library, the Archives and Documentation Department of the Ethiopian Ministry of Information, the family of the Ethiopian newspaper Al-Alam, the family of the Sudanese Embassy in Addis Ababa, the National Documentation House in Khartoum, the Research Department of the Sudanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Research and African Studies Institute at Cairo University, and the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram.

As for individuals, brothers, friends, and colleagues, I cannot adequately express my thanks and appreciation to them. It is difficult for me to count them or enumerate their many contributions to me in collecting information, books, translating documents, and printing and correcting the research. I ask God to reward them with the best.

Praise and thanks be to God, before and after.