Colonialism: Sudan and the Independence of Ethiopia: (1) The Battle of Adwa between Menelik and the Italians on March 1, 1896, led to Britain's advance towards Omdurman, where they reached and defeated Khalifa Abdallah at the Battle of Omdurman on September 2, 1898, ending his rule.

The defeat of the Italians at Adwa had led to increased pressure from the Mahdists on the Italian garrison in Kassala, and also threatened the possibility of other African powers defeating the defeated European power at Adwa.

While Adwa strengthened Ethiopia's independence and marked a turning point in its modern history, Omdurman led to Sudan being placed under British occupation, masked by the guise of Egyptian participation through the Condominium Agreement (January 1899), which gave the Egyptians a nominal presence represented by the participation of units from their military forces and some junior officials in the administrative apparatus established by the British. Although the occupation campaign was financed by the Egyptian treasury, Britain imposed itself in the occupation and rule of Sudan for more than half a century because it occupied Egypt militarily and managed it diplomatically through its High Commissioner, Lord Cromer, and the issue of sovereignty over Sudan, which nominally belonged to the Ottoman Sultan, was not mentioned.

The Condominium Agreement placed Sudan under martial law and gave the Governor-General (appointed by the Khedive) extensive powers and complete independence from Egypt. Sudan's affairs and supervision of its administration were attached to the British Foreign Office, not the Colonial Office, as a formal step to confirm the condominium.

The post of Governor-General and his senior assistants in the initial period of British rule (1899-1916) was assigned to the military commanders who led the occupation army, and even after their replacement by British civilians until 1916, the Governor-General was also the military commander. However, the tyranny of the military governors and their assistants, the officers who became provincial directors, did not end the movement of resistance and revolution, even if this resistance took on a scattered, isolated, and uncoordinated character. It was, in its entirety, religious and tribal movements, some of whose leaders claimed to be...