The Survey Department, under the supervision of Colonel 1416, undertook the study of the Nile and its basin from a scientific perspective until the year 0. J. Leutzra, F.D. W. and the late Lieutenant Colonel B. . R. S. F.D. W. and the late Lieutenant Colonel B. . F. 10 and M.K. 11 A. K. B.

The Irrigation Department, initiated by Sir William Garstin and his successors, was based on the following principle: the necessity of protecting the Egyptian territory from the flood resulting from high or prolonged floods, and providing sufficient water supply in all seasons of the year. Much has been achieved in terms of flood protection by strengthening the Nile embankments. However, there is an urgent need to accelerate the control of the Nile so that the largest floods can flow into the sea without harming Egypt. The type of flood that is expected to pose the greatest danger is that whose high levels continue late into the year, and most of the rain falls on the Delta.

Consideration of the project 1854. We have examined several projects for flood protection, and the first committee in the year Wadi El Rayyan and Kabah were not approved for reasons related to the danger to the Fayoum Governorate from the water. The committee also felt that this project does not fulfill the purpose for which the government intended it. The aforementioned project was modified, and in addition, the committee proposed a Egyptian pound. The expenses were estimated at .... and the project of Wadi El Kab was rejected when it was seen that its limited benefit in flood protection did not match its enormous expenses, ... Egyptian pounds. Its benefit in storage is very small, as it stores no more than 3 million cubic meters after deducting what is lost to evaporation.

The project of Wadi El Gedeim was deemed impossible due to its expenses. Its storage capacity is limited, and it was seen that building a dam on the Atbara River was not impossible. However, it is a project surrounded by concerns, the most prominent of which is the issue of silt. In addition, its storage capacity does not exceed one billion cubic meters. Therefore, for all these considerations, Mr. Tottenham proposed the project of a reservoir on the White Nile, as its benefit relative to its expenses was greater than that of all other projects, both in terms of flood protection and storage. It is worth noting that a dam built on the Atbara River would be an isolated work and would not in any way ... The Blue Nile and the Nile projects were examined in 1914. The necessity of creating a balancing reservoir on the White Nile. In the year Also, a committee composed of Sir Arthur B. and Sir Macdougal and Professor H. MacClure. This committee met Lord Kitchener in Sudan to discuss the matter on site. Then the war broke out, which almost halted the work, but the urgent need of the Egyptian territory for these works necessitated the continuation of research and the taking of necessary measures.

Sir William Garstin and Sir Arthur B. sent reports to London approving these projects in 1917. It is worth noting that the process of researching and identifying the best locations for building reservoirs began at Wadi El Rayyan and then progressed southward, based on the principle that the closer the reservoir was to the Egyptian territory, the greater its benefit. The result was that no suitable location was found for this purpose north of Khartoum except at Aswan. However, this memorandum has not yet discussed in detail whether it is possible to increase the capacity of the reservoir at Aswan, although it is mentioned on page nine of Lord Woss's letter "Egypt, No. that the reservoir built at Aswan is the maximum possible. This is on the condition that it can be filled in low years, and this point was overlooked in Chapter VIII of Appendix XI.

Egypt will eventually need more summer water than any single storage project can provide. Therefore, it is imperative that all completed projects are undertaken to alleviate the burden, and it must be ensured that they are not redundant at some point.

The balancing of floodwaters to protect the Egyptian territory involves impounding these waters by a dam and then storing them in the reservoir created in this manner. This cannot be done on the main Nile or the Blue Nile due to the rain resulting from sedimentation.