to the spread of pneumonic plague, buboes, and pustules, in addition to his research on rats and other rodents. He published a report on his work and expects great benefits from his future endeavors. 43 - Health Defense The fear of cholera in the Egyptian province in 1912 remained very strong. At the beginning of the year, the epidemic was in Italy, Tripoli, Austria, Asia Minor, Syria, and other places. Then it gradually subsided in Austria and some parts of Turkey. The deadly epidemic that spread among the Ottoman soldiers in Rumelia after the declaration of war between Turkey and the Balkan governments is not forgotten. The danger to Egypt increased with the arrival of many who came from Turkey. This situation necessitated the bacteriological examination of all who arrived on crowded ships, but this rarely deterred passengers. Cholera appeared in the Hejaz in October, and the contamination of the Hajj was announced. When the pilgrims returned, there were 32 cases among them in Tor. Therefore, the Quarantine Department ordered that no Egyptian pilgrims should leave Tor. When they were examined bacteriologically, the result was that the cholera microbe was found in 69 of them. It is noteworthy that after 1902, the last case of cholera in the Egyptian province, the Hajj was affected by cholera three times, namely in 1906, 1911, and 1912. Despite this, cholera did not enter the Egyptian province. Many experiments were conducted in Tor on treatment with serum obtained from the Pashalic Dasturia, and it achieved great success. The government granted the Court of Directors funds to procure this serum. The treatment of Amia Dasturia with antitoxins was also used, and the results were promising. The deaths in Tor in 1912 were half of what they were in the previous year, which is a cause for gratitude to the quarantine officials.