and their trade. From the city of Madassa to the town of Saghmara, 6 stages. Between Madassa and Saghmara, towards the north and with the desert, there are people called Baghamah. They are foot-soldiers, not settled in one place, herding their camels on the bank of a river that comes from the east and empties into the Nile. Milk is abundant among them, and they live on it. From the city of Saghmara to the city of Samfand, 8 days. This city of Samfand is a city of Al-Hulayfah on the bank of the sweet sea. From there to the city of Ghurbil, 9 days. From the city of Saghmara to the city of Ghurbil, southwards, 6 days. The city of Ghurbil is on the bank of the sweet sea. Up to the city of Al-Hulayfah, we estimate, there is a mountain to the south of it. Its people drink from the Nile, wear wool, eat millet and fish, and camel milk. The people of Ghurbil engage in various trades that circulate among them in those lands. From the city of Ghurbil, towards the west, to the city of Ghayarah, 11 stages. The city of Ghayarah is on the bank of the Nile, and it has a moat around it. It has many people, and its people have bravery and knowledge. They raid the lands of Lamlam, capturing them, bringing them, and selling them to the merchants of Gana. Between Ghayarah and the land of Lamlam, 13 stages. They ride swift camels, carry water, and travel by the Nile, reaching it during the day until they capture spoils and return to their country with what God grants them of captives from the people of Lamlam. From the city of Ghayarah to the city of Gana, 11 stages. Its water is scarce. The majority of these lands that we have mentioned are under the obedience of the ruler of