Hamad And the red sand stretches across the blessed Nile, the mornings are blessed, the evenings are prosperous. We see in it the increase and decrease according to the sun and moon. It has a time for its milking, its need increases, and its waves grow. It floods the two banks, and there is no escape from the waters except by small boats and light canoes and skiffs, like scattered leaves and palm fronds. When its increase is complete, it recedes like it began its flow and its flood. Then a humble people emerge and a humble community, who plow the bellies of the earth and sow seeds in it, hoping for a reward from the Lord for what they have strived for with their toil, and He grants it to them without their effort. When the crops are abundant and bright, the dew waters them and nourishes them from the earth. O Egypt, O Commander of the Faithful, it is a white pearl, then it is black amber, then it is green emerald, then it is blue brocade. Blessed be God, the Creator, who does what He wills, who reforms this land and cultivates it and settles its inhabitants in it. It is not permissible for its lowly to obey its leader. And the land tax should not be collected except at its proper times, and its revenue should be spent on building its dams and its canals. When the situation is settled with the officials in these matters, the revenue will be doubled. And God Almighty will grant success to the king and the revenue.

The killing of Umar (may God be pleased with him) Abu Lu'lu'ah, whose name was Firoz, stabbed Umar ibn al-Khattab while he was praying with a dagger in his side and wounded his navel. This was on the sixth day of Dhu al-Hijjah in the year 23 AH. He died on Saturday, the last day of Dhu al-Hijjah, and was buried on Sunday, the first of Muharram in the year 24 AH. His caliphate lasted for ten years, six months, and eight days. He was buried next to the Prophet, peace be upon him, and Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, may God be pleased with them. He was sixty-three years old. It was said sixty-three. He had great virtue, asceticism, justice, and compassion for Muslims. He was the first to be called Commander of the Faithful, the first to write history and date from the year of the Hijrah of the Messenger of God, peace be upon him. He was the first to establish the night watch, the first to forbid the sale of mothers of children, and the first to make people pray four takbirs in the funeral prayer, whereas before they used to say two or three. And he was the first to make people pray Tarawih behind an Imam in Ramadan.