( 3 ) Arabic References (Translated): 1. Arnold, Thomas: The Preaching of Islam, translated by Hassan Ibrahim Hassan and others, Cairo, 1957 AD.

2. Burckhardt, John Lewis: Burckhardt's Travels in Nubia and Sudan, translated by Fouad Andrawos, Cairo, 1959 AD. - Deschamps, Hubert: Religions in Black Africa, translated by Ahmed Sadek Hamdi, Cairo, 1956 AD.

- Stoddard, Lothrop: The World of Islam, commentary by Shakib Arslan, translated by Ajaj Boyimous, Cairo, 1943 AD.

5. Roland, Oliver, John Fage: A Brief History of Africa, translated by Dawlat Sadek, 1960 AD.

6. Julian, Charles André: History of Africa, translated by Talaat Abaza, Cairo, 1968 AD.

7. Trimingham, J. Spencer: Islam in East Africa, translated by Mohamed Atef El-Nawawi, Cairo, 1971 AD.

8. Al-Hasan Wazzan: Description of Africa, translated by Abdul Rahman Hamida, Riyadh, 1398 AH.

9. Mohamed Omar Beshir: South Sudan, translated by Assaad Halim, Cairo, 1971 AD.

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