Egyptian Sudan was in a state of happiness that made it easy to pay the land tax, estimated at 4,500,000 Egyptian pounds for an area of 6 million feddans, at a rate of 85 piasters per feddan. The Byzantine Era Information about the land tax in this era is scarce and not entirely useful. If we rely on this partial information, which is not comprehensive, we can consider that the average land tax per feddan was about thirty piasters, making the total land tax for the six million feddans 1,800,000 Egyptian pounds. Land Tax in the Arab Era The cultivated land area in Egypt during the caliphate of Omar, in my opinion, was around six million feddans. The amounts of land tax varied during his reign, as can be seen from the statements of the historians mentioned below. Accordingly, it would be as follows: Amount of Land Tax per Feddan Area of Land Author in Egyptian Pounds Average Land Tax per Feddan in Piasters Ibn Abd al-Hakam 816,666 6,000,000 6 Al-Yaq'ubi 420,000 6,000,000 4 Al-Baladhuri 330,000 6,000,000 5 The land of Egypt was first surveyed in the Arab era by Ibn Rifaa, the governor under Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, in the year 97 AH (715 AD). The survey from Alexandria to Aswan took nine months. Ibn Abd al-Hakam mentioned this but did not state the result of this survey. It was surveyed a second time by Ibn al-Hajab. Al-Kindi said that Ibn al-Hajab was appointed to collect its land tax by the Commander of the Faithful, Hisham. He personally surveyed all of Egypt, both cultivated and uncultivated land, including what was inundated by the Nile, and found thirty thousand feddans.