The Egyptian Sudan 60 Article Seven of the agreement of January 19, 1899, between Egypt and England, and the covenant of Ibrahim, this agreement immediately brought about a great political change for Monsieur Courdjan, the French political representative in Cairo. We have no need to conclude this chapter by mentioning Gladstone's words in 1877 about England's determination to occupy Egypt and extend its dominion over Sudan. He said in a chapter published by the Nineteenth Century magazine in September of that year, "If our feet tread upon Egypt, it will be a good seed for the establishment of our North African empire, then it will extend beyond the White Nile and the Blue Nile to the equator, and from there our hands will reach Natal and the Cape, and we will swallow Abyssinia as we proceed on our way." What they are continuing today, they laid its foundations long ago, resorting to force, and to force alone. There is no difference between their free men and their oppressors, and Gladstone, whose words are cited by their undisputed leader.