Egyptian Sudan. 96 The Mamluk Era In this era, we found writings from only two historians: one from its beginning and the second from its end. Ibn Iyas, who was alive in the early years of the Ottoman conquest, mentioned that the land tax of Egypt reached 1,300,000 dinars (780,000 Egyptian Pounds) and 600,000 ardebs of grain at 35 qirsh, which equals 210,000 Egyptian Pounds, making the total 99,000,000 Egyptian Pounds. From what Estève and Jomard mentioned in the book "Description de l'Égypte," the land tax reached 1,052,951 Egyptian Pounds before the French campaign's raid on Egypt. The area of land during this period was 4,542,279 feddans, at a rate of 23 qirsh per feddan.

The French Era The French campaign arrived in Egypt when it was in the worst agricultural condition. From Estève's calculations, the land tax for the year 1799 AD reached 4,542,279 Egyptian Pounds, of which 869,613 Egyptian Pounds were in cash and kind. The cultivated land area was 4,542,279 feddans, at a rate of 19 qirsh per feddan.

The Khedival Dynasty Era Mengin mentioned for the year 1821 AD that the land tax reached 660,541 Egyptian Pounds, and the cultivated land area was 2,031,905 feddans, at a rate of 33 qirsh per feddan. Clot Bey stated for the year 1833 AD that the area of land subject to land tax was 3,685,612, and its land tax reached 1,491,260 Egyptian Pounds, at a rate of 29 qirsh per feddan.

I am compelled to skip from the era of Muhammad Ali to the era of Tawfiq in the year 1881 AD, and leave out what is between them. This is because I have not found any information about the land tax during this period, and because the year 1881 shows us the middle period of this dynasty's rule.